reference library

/reference library
reference library2018-06-08T14:23:35-07:00

This website features a collection of links to outside resources, many of which were cited in The Captured Economy, for readers interested in learning more about regressive regulation.

To filter the reference library by topic, please use the links on a topic page or open this page on a full-size screen and use the provided menu.

The rise and effects of homeowners associations

Wyatt Clarke and Matthew Freedman

Journal of Urban Economics

July 2019

In the U.S., nearly 60% of recently built single-family houses, and 80% of houses in new subdivisions, are part of a homeowners association (HOA). We construct the first near-national map…
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America’s Most Diverse Mixed-Income Neighborhoods

City Observatory

June 18, 2018

These neighborhoods—which we call America’s most diverse, mixed-income neighborhoods—have high levels of racial, ethnic and income diversity. This report identifies, maps and counts the nation’s most diverse mixed-income neighborhoods. In…
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Racial Segregation in Housing Markets and the Erosion of Black Wealth

Prottoy A. Akbar, Sijie Li, Allison Shertzer, and Randall P. Walsh

NBER

May 2019

Housing is the most important asset for the vast majority of American households and a key driver of racial disparities in wealth. This paper studies how residential segregation by race…
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When Work Moves: Job Suburbanization and Black Employment

Conrad Miller

NBER

June 2018

This paper presents evidence that job suburbanization caused significant declines in black employment from 1970 to 2000. I document that, conditional on detailed job characteristics, blacks are less likely than…
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Gentrification and pioneer businesses

Kristian Behrens, Brahim Boualam, Julien Martin, and Florian Mayneris

Centre for Economic Policy Research

November 2018

We study gentrification at a micro-geographic scale using information on residents and businesses in New York from 1990 to 2010. We exploit atypical location decisions of businesses to identify the…
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Do Land Use Restrictions Increase Restaurant Quality and Diversity?

Daniel Shoag and Stan Veuger

Journal of Regional Science

January 17, 2019

There is significant evidence that restrictions on residential land use reduce housing supply, increase house prices, and limit inflows of low‐income households. Local decision‐makers often argue that their efforts are…
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Land Use Politics, Housing Costs, and Segregation in California Cities

Jonathan Rothwell

Terner Center for Housing Innovation

September 2019

California cities have some of the highest housing prices in the United States, but most of the state’s urbanized land is set aside for the least efficient uses. Using data…
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Do the Rich and Poor Colocate in Large Cities?

Takatoshi Tabuchi

Science Direct

September 2019

This paper focuses on colocation rather than segregation in the context of Japanese large cities. Using the time cost of commuting from traditional urban economic theory, we analyze how different…
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The Effects of Gentrification on the Well-Being and Opportunity of Original Resident Adults and Children

Quentin Brummet and Davin Reed

Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia Working Paper

July 2019

We use new longitudinal census microdata to provide the first causal evidence of how gentrification affects a broad set of outcomes for original resident adults and children. Gentrification modestly increases…
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Supply, Demand and the Challenge of Local Control

Alicia Sasser Modestino, Clark Ziegler, Tom Hopper, Calandra Clark, Lucas Munson, Mark Melnik, Carrie Bernstein, and Abby Raisz

The Greater Boston Housing Report Card 2019

June 2019

The Greater Boston Housing Report Card serves as an annual assessment of housing conditions in Greater Boston and what needs to be done to meet the region’s goals for current…
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The End of the American Dream? Inequality and Segregation in US Cities

Alessandra Fogli and Veronica Guerrieri

NBER

August 2019

Since the ’80s the US has experienced not only a steady increase in income inequality, but also a contemporaneous increase in residential segregation by income. Using US Census data, we…
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Rising Housign Costs and Re-Segregation in San Francisco

Phillip Verma, Dan Rinzler, and Miriam Zuk

University of California, Berkeley

September 2018

This report finds that increases in housing prices in San Francisco were correlated with shifts in where low-income people of color lived between 2000 and 2015. It also provides evidence…
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Rising Housign Costs and Re-Segregation in Contra Costa County

Phillip Verma, Dan Rinzler, and Miriam Zuk

University of California, Berkeley

September 2018

This report finds that increases in housing prices in Contra Costa County were correlated with shifts in where low-income people of color lived between 2000 and 2015. It also provides…
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Rising Housign Costs and Re-Segregation in Alameda County

Phillip Verma, Dan Rinzler, and Miriam Zuk

University of California, Berkeley

September 2018

This report finds that increases in housing prices in Alameda County were correlated with shifts in where low-income people of color lived between 2000 and 2015. It also provides evidence…
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Ethnic Enclaves and the Zoning Game

John Mangin

Yale Law and Policy Review

2018

In today’s economically vibrant and high-cost cities like New York, San Fran- cisco, and Washington, D.C., housing growth and housing affordability are a function of two variables: zoning and politics….
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Creating Moves to Opportunity: Experimental Evidence on Barriers to Neighborhood Choice

Peter Bergman, Raj Chetty, Stefanie DeLuca, Nathaniel Hendren, Lawrence F. Katz, and Christopher Palmer

NBER

August 2019

Low-income families in the United States tend to live in neighborhoods that offer limited opportunities for upward income mobility. One potential explanation for this pattern is that families prefer such…
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The role of racial bias in exclusionary zoning: The case of Durham, North Carolina, 1945–2014

Andrew H Whittemore

Economy and Planning A: Economy and Space

June 6, 2018

This paper investigates the distribution of and motivations for zoning decisions that decreased allowed residential density or prevented denser residential development in urbanized portions of Durham, North Carolina, from 1945…
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The Geography of Inequality: How Land Use Regulation Produces Segregation and Polarization

Jessica Trounstine

Brigham Young University/p>

July 2018

High levels of racial segregation persist in the United States. We argue that land use control is an important tool for maintaining this pattern. Cities have the capacity to make…
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Spatial Effects Upon Employment Outcomes: The Case of New Jersey Teenagers

Katherine M. O'Regan, John M. Quigley

University of California, Berkeley

March 1996

Theories about the importance of space in urban labor markets have emphasized the role of employment access, on the one hand, and neighborhood composition, on the other hand, in affecting…
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Where Youth Live: Economic Effects of Urban Space on Employment Prospects

Katherine M. O'Regan, John M. Quigley

Urban Studies

June 1998

This paper synthesises a series of empirical analyses investigating the role of urban space in affecting minority employment outcomes. It broadens the focus beyond transport and the ‘friction of space’…
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Are Ghettos Good or Bad?

David M. Cutler and Edward L. Glaeser

The Quarterly Journal of Economics

August 1997

Spatial separation of racial and ethnic groups may theoretically have positive or negative effects on the economic performance of those groups. We examine the effects of segregation on outcomes for…
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Prismatic Metropolis: Race and Residential Segregation in the City of the Angels

Camille L. Zubrinsky and Lawrence Bobo

Social Science Research

1996

Most major urban areas remain segregated by race, especially in terms of black segregation from whites. We replicate and extend the innovative approach developed by Farley and colleagues for understanding…
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Exclusionary Zoning and Equal Protection

NA

Harvard Law Review

May 1971

It is something of a natural law of urban development that population pressure is exerted from the center of the city outward. Increasing dilapidation of housing in central cities, plus…
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Interactions, neighborhood selection and housing demand

Yannis M. Ioannides and Jeffrey E. Zabel

Journal of Urban Economics

January 2008

This paper contributes to the growing literature that aims at identifying and measuring the impact of social context on individual economic behavior. We develop a model of housing structure demand…
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The Effect of Urban Containment and Mandatory Housing Elements on Racial Segregation in US Metropolitan Areas, 1990–2000

Arthur C. Nelson, Thomas W. Sanchez, and Casey J. Dawkins

Journal of Urban Affairs

August 6, 2004

Urban containment and state‐imposed mandatory housing elements in comprehensive land use plans attempt to reshape development patterns. Urban containment programs reign in the outward expansion of urban areas by restricting…
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The Wrong Side(s) of the Tracks: Estimating the Causal Effects of Racial Segregation on City Outcomes

Elizabeth Oltmans Ananat

MIT

October 2005

The strong negative correlation between a city’s level of residential racial segregation and its outcomes, particularly for black residents, is well-established. The interpretation of this relationship, however, is confounded by…
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Segregation and Black Political Efficacy

Elizabeth Oltmans Ananat, Ebonya L. Washington

Journal of Public Economics

February 2018

The impact of segregation on Black political efficacy is theoretically ambiguous. On one hand, increased contact among Blacks in more segregated areas may mean that Blacks are better able to…
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Local Land Use Regulation and the Chain of Exclusion

Rolf Pendall

Journal of the American Planning Association

November 26, 2017

The study reported in this article tested connections between five land use controls and the racial composition of the communities that use them. A survey of localities in the 25…
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A Building Block for Inclusion: Housing for Community-Level Diversity, Participation, and Cohesion

Rolf Pendall

Urban Institute

September 30, 2017

As the nation has become more diverse, our neighborhoods, cities, metropolitan areas, and rural communities have strained to keep up. Some have accommodated change well. But for many it has…
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Cultural dynamics, social mobility and urban segregation

Emeline Bezin and Fabien Moizeau

Journal of Urban Economics

May 2017

We consider the relationship between cultural dynamics, urban segregation and inequality. To this end, we develop a model of neighbourhood formation and cultural transmission. The tension between culture preservation and…
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The Impacts of Neighborhoods on Intergenerational Mobility II: County-Level Estimates

Raj Chetty, Nathaniel Hendren

NBER

May 2017

We estimate the causal effect of each county in the U.S. on children’s incomes in adulthood. We first estimate a fixed effects model that is identified by analyzing families who…
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The National Rise in Residential Segregation

Trevon Logan, John Parman

Journal of Economic History

February 2015

This paper introduces a new measure of residential segregation based on individual-level data. We exploit complete census manuscript files to derive a measure of segregation based upon the racial similarity…
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Separate when equal? Racial inequality and residential segregation

Patrick Bayer, Hanming Fang, and Robert McMillan

Journal of Urban Economics

July 2014

This paper sets out a new mechanism involving the emergence of middle-class black neighborhoods that can lead segregation in American cities to increase as racial inequality narrows. The formation of…
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The Impact of Land Use Regulation on Racial Segregation: Evidence from Massachusetts Zoning Borders

Matthew Resseger

Harvard University

November 26, 2013

Local zoning regulations such as minimum lot size requirements and restrictions on the permitting of multi-family housing may exacerbate racial segregation by reducing in some neighborhoods the construction of units…
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Estimating Racial Price Differentials in the Housing Market

Patrick Bayer, Marcus D. Casey, Fernando Ferreira, and Robert McMillan

NBER

April 2013

This paper uses unique panel data covering over two million repeat-sales housing transactions from four metropolitan areas to test for the presence of racial price differentials in the housing market….
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The Effect of Density Zoning on Racial Segregation in U.S. Urban Areas

Jonathan Rothwell and Douglas S. Massey

Urban Affairs Review 44

July 2009

The authors argue that anti-density zoning increases Black residential segregation in U.S. metropolitan areas by reducing the quantity of affordable housing in White jurisdictions. Drawing on census data and local…
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